MAX 232

Week no: week 11 (29/3/2012)

Objective:

• Function MAX 232
• Circuit diagram

Content:

MAX 232 is an integrated circuit that convert signal from RS232 serial port to signal suitable for use inTTL compatible digital logic circuit.

The figure above show the simple circuit of the connection between MAX 232 to RS 232 (female)

RS 232 Cable interface

Week no: week 10 (22/3/2012)

Objective:

• Research about RS 232

Content:

In telecommunications, RS-232 is the traditional name for a series of standards for serial binary single ended data and control signals connecting between a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a DCE (Data circuit terminating equipment). It is commonly used in computer serial port. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pin out of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.

An RS-232 port was once a standard feature of a personal computer for connections to modem, printer, mice, data storage, un-interruptible power supplies, and other peripheral devices. However, the limited transmission speed, relatively large voltage swing, and large standard connectors motivated development of the universal serial bus which has displaced RS-232 from most of its peripheral interface roles. Many modern personal computers have no RS-232 ports and must use an external converter to connect to older peripherals. Some RS-232 devices are still found especially in industrial machines or scientific instruments.

Current Sensor

Week no: week 9 ( 15/3/2012)

Objective:

• Current Sensor

Content:

The figure above show the current transducer.

Dimension and connection

Solar Panel

Week no: week 8 (8/3/2012)

Objective:

• Solar Panel 
• Model

Content:

This is solar panel that were purchased.

Model of solar panel 

Solar cell

week no: week 7 (1/3/2012)

objective:

• Solar cell diagram
• Photovoltaic characteristic

Content:

The figure above show the solar panel which cell connected in series and parallel

A solar cell is a solid state device that converts the energy of sunlight directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Assemblies of cells are used to make Photovoltaic module, also known as solar panel. When the solar panel is connected in series the voltage output will increase, while the solar panel connected in parallel the current output will increase. The solar panel connected in series to provide PV panel string, while for PV array is the combination of several PV panel string in parallel connection.

 

There are two types of PV cell

        i.            Crystalline cells

a.       Monocrystalline ( Single crystalline)

b.      Polycrystalline ( multi crystalline)

      ii.            Thin layer (film) cells

The amount of solar power available per unit area is knows as irradiance. As the irradiance varies there is almost linear variation of the short circuit current. The open circuit voltage however does not change dramatically, it increase slightly as shown in figure below. The graph assumes that the cell temperature is constant, unaffected by the differing irradiance. It is because the voltage remains reasonably constant under varying irradiance solar cell are well suited for use as battery charger.